Methods Used For Psychological Research - 1388 Words

Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data. Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics analyzing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011). Psychologists look for explanations for human behavior; they reach conclusions through research processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behavior. Researchers strive to obtain facts and discover ‘what’ and ‘why’ with regards to understanding cause and effect and this research may help to understand human cognition and memory. There are many advantages and disadvantages in using particular methods of psychological research but this essay will examine and assess only the advantages of three different methods of research, giving examples. The first method we will assess is one used by Adorno et al. This quantitative method of collecting data used a questionnaires, which they called the F-scale (F for fascism) (McAvoy 2010). Adorno argued that certain personalities traits made individuals prone to be highly prejudicial. There is evidence to support this claim as they also used clinical interviews revealing aspects ofShow MoreRelatedExamine and Assess the Advantages of Three Different Methods Used in Psychological Research1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe advantages of three different methods used in psychological research Psychological research has many advantages within society, helping us to better understand many different aspects of the world around us; this essay will be looking at three different research methods to ascertain the advantages of using methods within psychology. First of all we will identify which methods we are going to examine then we will assess the advantages of using these methods through the eyes of the relevant psychologistRead MoreAbnormal Human Behavior946 Words   |  4 Pagesbiological and psychological model have all been purported in the early centuries to explain abnormal behavior. Within the supernatural model, abnormal behavior was described as being reflective of a battle between good and evil. Consequently, the treatments of exorcism, hydrotherapy and mass hysteria were all considered useful in combating deviant/abnormal behavior. The biological tradition on the other hand dates back to Hippocrates, syphilis disease and the belief that psychological disorders are Read MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 Pagesobedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies participants at more than minimal risk as the research brought on visible levels of psychological distress and anxiety – some participants were noted to be tremblingRead MoreScientific Principles Of The Work Of Wilhelm Wundt Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will look at scientific principles used today to perform psychological research and find similarities and differences of that research style in the work of Wilhelm Wundt; this will be done through looking at his approach to psychology, his lab and the impact he had on psychology in general. Th e essay will then consider the Gestaltists approach to psychology by looking at their main beliefs, experiments and their legacy and link it to the scientific principles. Finally, it will summarizeRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs And Humanistic Psychology848 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of ways. One psychologist in particular that is said to have enhanced the quality of psychological research is Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow is best known for his work in creating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Humanistic Psychology. There are many things that came out of Maslow’s findings, how he contributed to psychology, how he influenced the field of psychology, and how his findings are still used in today’s society. Maslow’s approach to psychology differed from other psychologist inRead MoreThe Human Quality Of Obedience1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of deception in research has been an ongoing controversial debate in the study of Psychology. The method looks to extract and analyze data with the help of human subjects/participants; however, the subject is given false information about the task or objective that the study wishes to discover. Although the word deception may sound malicious and immoral, the purpose of a deceptive method when conducting researches attempts to make significant contributions to the scientific field being studiedRead MoreInfant Sleep Duration And Maternal Sensitivities852 Words   |  4 PagesInfant Sleep Duration and Maternal Sensitivities Role in a Child’s Psychological and Emotional Development and Adjustment Discussion Poor infant sleep duration has been linked to possible problematic behavior in toddlers and their social and emotional adjustment. Recent studies show that frequent night waking’s and irregular sleep as an infant can lead to behavior irregularities or attention and concentration difficulties as suggested by Professor Avi Sadeh (2015). Maternal sensitivity was observedRead MoreWhy Psychology Is Important1045 Words   |  5 Pagesmandatory course for so many programs of study because it is so widely used in occupations across the world. Using any number of research methods, a psychologist can apply research to the field of Public Relations in order to predict how a demographic will respond to certain things that occur. Not only is psychology widely used in many professions, but basic elements of psychology affect us as individuals each day. The research that psychologists glean from their subjects benefits all of us throughRead MoreScientific Study of Personality1081 Words   |  5 Pagespsychologists define this topic in several different ways. The complexity of personality has prompted researchers to use different types of methods which consist of three commonly used approaches. This paper will discuss how psychologists define personality and provide an overview of the definition of personality. This paper will also discuss the three different methods used to study personality: case studies, correlation designs and experimental designs. All three approaches have different informationRead MoreQualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome And Co Existing Psychological Illness1177 Words   |  5 Pages Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: â€Å"Study of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Co-Existing Psychological Illness†. The hermeneutic phenomenology design used throughout the study to understand the individual’s personal experience, the meaning of those

The Roles Of Two Parents - 987 Words

The Single Role Imagine you are a parent of one or more children and the other parent has left. Leaving behind nothing but his or her name and some kids. Imagine waking up to face each day and your children, knowing you face it all alone. A number of people don’t have to imagine, this is their reality. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the word role as a part that someone or something has in a particular activity or situation and the part someone has in a family, society, or other group. The word parent can literally be defined in just about any way depending on who you talk with. However, this particular role may have more factors to consider than the collective roles of two parents. As a whole, accepting responsibility is something that every person at some point in life will have to do, in various situations. As a parent, this is necessary from the time of conception until adulthood. For some, their children will always be children in their eyes. The experience of accepting this responsibility can be a rude awakening. For this kind of parent, there is d efinitely a time of difficulty in realization and preparation for the challenges of sole responsibility. Not just dealing with some of the issues but all of it, the good, the bad and the ugly. There is never a dull moment, that’s for sure. Thinking about medical emergencies and special events involving the child and one specific parent, what percentage actually don’t have the other parentShow MoreRelatedSingle Parent Education Program : Single Parenthood Is Becoming An Epidemic1146 Words   |  5 PagesSingle Parent Education Program Single parenthood is becoming an epidemic. According to Mullis Mullis one in five families with children under the age of five is a one-parent family (Mullis Mullis, 2013). With the rise of single parent households it is essential that families are equipped with the proper tools to navigate single parenthood. My goal for my parent education program involves equipping single parent families with the tools necessary to raise competent adults. Attachment Theory andRead MoreThe, Good Times, And Modern Day Sitcom1221 Words   |  5 Pages70’s sitcom â€Å"Good Times† and modern day sitcom â€Å"Everybody Hates Chris†, are two perfect examples of two struggling African American families that values education because of their race, family structure, and family roles, which displays reflection of society. In the popular 70’s sitcom â€Å"Good Times†, demonstrates a perfect example of monetary hindered family that values education because their race. For example, in season two episode four, the family express their concerns with the improper schoolingRead MoreRole Of The Foster Parent On The Continuum Of Carer And Parent Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesRole of the Foster Parent One of the most significant studies found in the literature was a qualitative study conducted by Schofiell, Beek, Ward, and Biggart on the role of the foster parent (2013). The purpose of the study was to understand the boundaries of the role of the foster parent on the continuum of carer and parent (Schofield, Beek, Ward, Biggart, 2013). The study was a portion of a larger study on permanency in foster care (Schofield, Beek, Ward, Biggart, 2013). Schofiell, Beek,Read MoreRoles Of A Grand Son1169 Words   |  5 PagesRoles are the parts that individuals play in society. Every single human being on earth has their own unique set of roles. There are two kinds of roles, Ascribed, and achieved. An ascribed role, is a role that people are born into, examples include the role of a grand son, or a Canadian. Achieved roles, are roles that a person has to work to acquire, examples include; a teacher, or a politician. Two roles that I currently possess are a university student, and a daughter. Being a daughter is anRead MoreSingle Parent vs. Two Parent1229 Words   |  5 PagesSingle Parent Home vs. Two Parent Home Kendria Threatt COM 170/ Elements of University Composition and Communication I December 7, 2011 Monique Derr Single Parent Home vs. Two Parent Home How do you feel about raising children in a single parent home or in a home where both parents are present? It is very shocking to know that most people do not think about these situations before starting a family. In today’sRead MoreChildren With The Parent Families1287 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Children with fathers at home tend to do better in school, are less prone to depression and are more successful in relationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.†( The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, 1980). Children in single-parent homes are becoming more common now days; more so single mother families, where there is an absent father in the child’s life. Whether the fatherRead MoreChildrens Functional Health Pattern Assessment Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental Stage: | School-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | 1. Toddlers depend on their parents for health management. 2. Toddlers have little understanding of the meaning of health. | 1, Very accurate perception of externalRead MoreThe Absentee Father846 Words   |  4 Pagesof the absentee father is the result of various changes in society, many of which tie back to the evolution of economics in America. As the role of women in society has changed, it has also caused the role of men to shift. Between 1948 and 2001, the amount of working women approximately doubled in size, growing from under 33% to more than 60% (The Changing Role of the Modern Day Father). This dramatic growth occurred while also bringing forth suspected results. As women began to increase in financialRead MoreRole s Of A Grand Son1325 Words   |  6 PagesRoles and statuses make up the part in society that an individuals plays. Every single human being on earth has their own unique set of roles, and statuses. There are two kinds, ascribed, and achieved. An ascribed role, is a role that a person is born into, examples include the role of a grand son, or a Canadian. Achieved roles, are roles that a person has to work to acquire, examples include; a teacher, or a politician. Two roles that I currently possess are a university student, and a daughterRead MoreEssay on Adolescent Violence1591 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships between nine youth assets and six demographic factors that may be linked to adolescent physical fighting and weapon carrying. The population consisted of one thousand ninety-eight middle and high school students and their parents from inner-city areas of two mid-sized Midwestern cities who completed in-home interviews. The authors stated, Logistic regression analyses exam ined the relationship between each youth asset and the risk behaviors while controlling for demographic information

What It Is Called Legitimate Knowledge for Clones Free Essays

What it is called legitimate knowledge for clones. An educational institution is a form of institution that is used to educate people. Educational institutions are essential for society to produce knowledge people (workers). We will write a custom essay sample on What It Is Called Legitimate Knowledge for Clones or any similar topic only for you Order Now Schools are designed to produce limitless knowledge in every aspect of life. However, the â€Å"men† behind schools tend to be selective in producing knowledge and constructing ideas. This paper intends to give an explanation of how schools can be hazardous by using concepts of Stuart Hall in his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, and Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King in the article of â€Å"What Do Schools Teach†. These concepts applied to the hailsham case in the novel of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro to indicate that an educational institution like hailsham can be harmful due to the controlling and manipulating information for other purpose so that it generates what it is called legitimate knowledge for the clones. Hailsham is the sole source in constructing inhumane ideas to the students that reflect their destiny as donors and perceived a short life. In the novel of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro, students are taught that they are destined to be donors, and after the fourth donation their short life is granted. According to Stuart Hall in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, he brings up a topic about discourse, power and knowledge, which created by Michel Foucault. Hall believes that in Foucault’s theory of discourse can be define as â€Å"’how human beings understand themselves in our culture’ and how our knowledge about ‘the social, the embodied individual and share meanings† (Hall 43). In other words, hall stated Foucault’s idea about discourse as how people discuss or understand the idea of things in certain society. Hall also stated Foucault’s idea about only certain social institutions, such as school, have the power to construct meaning, create truth or knowledge about things among society. That is to say that school is one of the sources that plays an important role in shaping students understanding of something. Therefore, being the sole sources that creates ideas on people’s mind, telling them to be donors and have a short live is not a pleasant idea to be embedded in people’s minds. Beside the concept above, Educational institutions can be harmful due to the knowledge control. According to Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King, â€Å"the study of educational knowledge is a study in ideology, the investigation of what is considered legitimate knowledge (be it knowledge of the logical type of â€Å"that,† â€Å"how† or â€Å"to†) by specific social groups and classes, in specific institutions, at specific historical moments. It is, further, a critically oriented form of investigation, in that it chooses to focus on how this knowledge, as distributed in schools, may contribute to a cognitive and dispositional development that strengthens or reinforces existing (and often problematic) institutional arrangements in society† (Apple and King 342). To simplify, the available knowledge and the hidden knowledge are being selected to be presented to students as proper knowledge, base on the ideology at a certain society at a time. Thus, educational institution can be defective due to the knowledge validity. According to the paragraph above, institutions control what can and cannot be presented. This theory can also be applied in the novel of never let me go. According to the book Miss Emily said that â€Å"We had run hailsham for many years, we had a sense of what could work, hat was best for the students in the long run, beyond hailsham. Lucy Wainright was idealistic, nothing wrong with that. But she had no graspof practicalities. You see, we were able to give you something, something which even now no one will ever take from you, and we were able to do that principally by sheltering you. Hailsham would not have been hailsham if we hadn’t. Very well, sometimes that meant we kept things from you, lied to you. Yes in many ways we fooled you (Ishiguro 268). In other words, hailsham and its people is trying to hide the latent facts in order to protect children and for the continuity of the school itself. Therefore, institutions can be harmful in terms of controlling knowledge and information. Another concept is that the basic function of schools or educational institutions is that schools should prepare students in terms of life skills to be able to do well in life. According to Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King, â€Å"schools seem by and large, to do what they are supposed to do, at least in terms of roughly providing dispositions and propensities â€Å"functional† in later life in a complex and stratified social and economic order† (Apple and King 341). To clarify, Apple and king believe that schools have their own function to prepare students in the real life. The last concept above is inversely reflected with the case of Never Let Me Go novel. In the novel, Kathy H as the narrator show the readers that in hailsham student do not get sufficient knowledge about life. Most of the time in hailsham, they only do painting and philosophies. Guardians or teachers do not teach them life skills. In the novel, Kathy H, as the narrator told us that â€Å"looking back now, I can see we were pretty confused about this whole area about sex, that’s hardly surprising, I suppose, given we were barely sixteen. But what added to the confusion-I can see it more clearly now-was the fact that the guardians were themselves confused† (Ishiguro 95). This is the evidence that students do not get educated about sex sufficiently. Another example is when Kathy H said that â€Å"there was incidentally , Something I noticed about this veteran couples at the cottages-something Ruth, for all her close study of them, failed to spot-and this was how so many of their mannerisms were copied from the television† (Ishiguro 120). In other words, Kathy observes that their seniors are copying certain behaviors that are depicted from the movies in order to reflecting a normal person in life. This case shows that students are lack of understanding of the world until they have moved from hailsham. Educational institutions such as hailsham can be hazardous due to the production of knowledge that is designed to keep students from knowing the truth. Boarding schools such as hailsham can prevent students from growing properly. Their lack of understanding of the world produces insecurity and anxiety to face the actual life. Moreover, they are designed not to be rebellious instead, they are steered to be obedient and hopeless due to the lack of life skills and they are told in the first place that they are destined to be donors with short life. Works Cited Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go : New York : Vintage Canada, 2005. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE, 2003. Apple, Michael W. , King, Nancy R.. †What do Schools Teach? †. Curriculum Inquiry 6:4. 1977:341-358. How to cite What It Is Called Legitimate Knowledge for Clones, Essay examples

Communication and Professional Relationships free essay sample

The parent’s evenings recently took place at the school where I work. During each appointment, the teacher had to explain to the parents of each pupil, exactly how their child was progressing in school. Some children had been doing very well, and so the teacher had many positive points to explain to happy parents, but, some children had not managed to achieve the targets set, or had a lower than acceptable rate of attendance. This required very effective communication as the parents had to know that there were issues that needed addressing, how the issues needed to be addressed and that if there were any relevant underlying problems or concerns that they knew about, the parents could, with confidence, tell the teacher, so that the concerns could be taken into account and helpful advice or referrals to other professional bodies could be arranged if necessary. Ineffective communication at parent’s evening could lead to a lack of confidence in the school, it would create a situation where the parent’s support could be withdrawn, This could damage the relationship between the child, the teacher and the school. If it is not ready and you have to set up lessons while the children have to wait the children will lose interest and cause a negative reaction. Another way to make a positive learning environment is to ask the children questions, for example, â€Å"do you understand the task we have to do? †, â€Å"can you tell me what you feel the outcome of the task maybe? † By asking those questions this ensures that you are aware they have full understanding of the task they have to achieve and also gives them the opportunity to ask any questions that may arise to make sure they do have full understanding. By using the four ways of effective communication you will also have an impact as a role model, as the children or young people you are working with will take lead from your behaviour, if you show respect they will follow your actions and give respect. The definition of a role model is â€Å"significant person who’s actions, speech or mannerisms are imitated by the child† – Oxford Dictionary 2011. Children will be more likely to want to learn from adults who communicate and get on than those adults who did not communicate effectively and they feel isn’t pproachable. This in turn is also teaching children to respect and communicate with each other in the appropriate way. Be friendly but authoritive. Teena Kamen states in the book teaching assistants handbook 2003 â€Å"Adults within the school also need to be good role models for behaviour. Your use on inter-personal skills with pupils and other members of staff should provide a positive role model for behaviour and effective working relationships†. Karmen, 2003, page 34. Communication difficulties may arise if the person hasn’t fully understood the task, they may have special needs for example dyslexia, partial hearing or if there is a breakdown in information. We need to make sure that we adapt the environment to meet all needs and also make sure you are teaching at the level of each individual child. â€Å"Communication difficulties can lead to isolation and frustration† Karmen, 2003 page 170. It is vital when working with children and young people that all areas of communication are followed to make sure all persons within the environment make progress in their daily tasks of work and learning. It is vital that we take into account the age and development of the children we are supporting as the consequence if we don’t can lead to a huge breakdown in communication thus making the child feel insecure and vulnerable. For instance, we would not have the same conversation with a 5 year old than that of a 20 year old. Our language would be appropriate to the child’s level to be understood and relevant. The same as we dont talk to a 15 year old the way we do a 7 year old as that may make them feel we are patronising them. We also need to take into account if the child or person has any special needs e. g. earing impairment. We need to make sure we find an effective way of communicating to them so they get a full understanding of the topic and in turn will make them feel valued. As a teaching assistant/learning mentor, you are able to take more time with students to enable effective communication, whether this is one on one support or a small group. The students will benefit from this as they have been able to understand more comprehensively the task at hand, however if they do struggle with anything we can take the extra time with them to give them guidance which will help the student fulfil their learning potential. There will be times within your profession as a teaching assistant that you will have to cover break time duties and you may find you have to deal with disagreements. The best way to do this is to separate the children from any crowd that has gathered, this ensures you can listen effectively from both sides. Speak separately to the individuals concerned to hear both sides of the story. You may also ask them what they feel the best way is to resolve the matter; this will then give the individuals the chance to speak openly to what they feel is required to resolve the matter. For example saying sorry, shaking hands etc. Explain the outcome of the resolution for instance the game of football can resume, or friendships can remain happy. If the disagreement still persists then write an account of what has been said and pass this onto the a teacher or head teacher, explain to the pupils the consequences that this carries for example sending a letter home or calling the parents in. Teena Kamen states â€Å"Use eye contact and the pupils name to gain their attention. Keep calm, sound confident and in control. If the pupil is too wound up to listen, give them a chance to calm down e. . time out† If there is a disagreement between an adult and a child then remove the child away from the adult and explain that it is time out and time to diffuse the situation. If it was myself that was in disagreement with a child I would then seek advice from the teacher or ask another adult to remove the child away from me to then give both myself and the child breathing space and this in turn will diffuse the situation. Dealing with disagreements with the practitioner and other adults may also arise, if this does happen try to diffuse the situation and offer support. If the situation then carries on, ask the adults to go to the head teachers office and take up the disagreement there. They are removing themselves from others and sorting the situation with an authoritive figure. There may be times in your job role that you will have to deal with different adults within different professions, these may consist of:- * Other teaching assistants * Teachers * Head teachers * Midday supervisors * Social services * Child welfare officers * Speech therapists * Occupational therapists * Physio therapists * Outside agencies such as D. A. R. E, fire services, police force etc. It is just as important we communicate with all adults as well as students so we all work together and all understand each other’s goals and end result. As a sign of respect for the adult take their name, make sure you have a full understanding of why they are there and follow school procedures with the adult for example showing them where to sign in, get them a visitors pass and show them where the toilet facilities are. Make sure you follow all school procedures. Confidentiality is a respect of human rights. It is very important that us as adults ensure we keep up to date with all current relevant publications and do not discuss children with anyone than those who have legal consent or have the right to know e. g. line manager, head teacher or even external professions within parental consent. It is also important that we explain to the children that we have to in some situations tell another adult, if the child wants to confide in you telling you something is happening at home in this case you have to inform the Child Protection Officer but also advise the child the positives of doing this and that it is for their safety. The Data Protection Act 1998 is in force within every school as the school holds information on every child, member of staff and volunteers of the school and therefore the 8 principles of DPA must be followed in every school. These 8 principles are as follows – * The information the school holds must only be used for the reasons in which it is kept. * The information must be kept secure at all times. * Any information must not be transferred without adequate protection. The information must be kept for longer than necessary and once un-necessary it must be destroyed. The information held must be relevant as to why it is being held. * It must be processed lawfully. * All information must be kept up to date and correct. * The information must be processed in line for each individuals rights. If any information must be shared then parental consent must be given. You must never discuss matters of pupils to:- * Other children in school * Other parents * Visitors Family and friends There are times when confidentiality must be breached as a form of effective communication and safety, for instance if the child is going through abuse, if the child is at risk, or if pupils have any specific medical needs or conditions such as asthma, epilepsy or any special needs as it is vital all members of staff are aware of the situation. Every Child Matters 2004 advises of the importance for all agencies and professionals to work together sharing information regarding the child. This is to protect the child, this act was put in force in 2004 after the unfortunate tragedy of Victoria Climbie where there was no communication between any agency or professional that had dealt with her. All schools will have procedures to follow for all aspects of confidentiality and data protection. Each school will have a safeguarding officer and 1st aider and also special forms that a parent is required to fill in to advice of any medication a child is on. A school will also need any written consent forms for parents or guardians to fill in for any school trips or school photographs or videos that may take place. It is essential while on your work placement throughout this course that all procedures are understood and followed at all times. To conclude it is of upmost importance within a school environment that all communication is effective for all individuals which will in turn provide security, wellness of individuals and make the school a safe and enjoyable place to be.